Behavior of elastic networks of various degrees of orientation in the kinetic theory of fracture

Kinetic theory of fracture to calculate strength and elastic properties of solids under uniaxial stres

Theoretical Consideration of the Influence of Reforming Processes on the Fracture Strength of Solids Technical Report No. 105

Reformation processes effect on stress time-to- fracture behavior of solid

Kinetic considerations of the strength of oriented solids

Kinetics of mechanical strength of oriented and stressed solids based on statistical absolute reaction rate theor

Music-reading expertise modulates the visual span for English letters but not Chinese characters.

Recent research has suggested that the visual span in stimulus identification can be enlarged through perceptual learning. Since both English and music reading involve left-to-right sequential symbol processing, music-reading experience may enhance symbol identification through perceptual learning particularly in the right visual field (RVF). In contrast, as Chinese can be read in all directions, and components of Chinese characters do not consistently form a left-right structure, this hypothesized RVF enhancement effect may be limited in Chinese character identification. To test these hypotheses, here we recruited musicians and nonmusicians who read Chinese as their first language (L1) and English as their second language (L2) to identify music notes, English letters, Chinese characters, and novel symbols (Tibetan letters) presented at different eccentricities and visual field locations on the screen while maintaining central fixation. We found that in English letter identification, significantly more musicians achieved above-chance performance in the center-RVF locations than nonmusicians. This effect was not observed in Chinese character or novel symbol identification. We also found that in music note identification, musicians outperformed nonmusicians in accuracy in the center-RVF condition, consistent with the RVF enhancement effect in the visual span observed in English-letter identification. These results suggest that the modulation of music-reading experience on the visual span for stimulus identification depends on the similarities in the perceptual processes involved

Mechanisms of wave transformation in finite-depth water

Mechanisms of wave transformation in finite-depth water are investigated. The linear mechanisms ex- amined are percolation, bottom motion, shoaling, and refraction. The nonlinear mechanisms examined are wave-wave interaction and bottom friction. New exact computations of the nonlinear transfer for fi- nite-depth waves are presented for some directional wave spectra. These mechanisms are found to ex- plain satisfactorily wave decay observations obtained at several sites with different bottom sediment properties. The decay rates at these sites are found to be dominated by different mechanisms which are determined by the bottom conditions. As an example, detailed calculations are presented for data ob- tained at the Jonswap site

Effects of texture on the damping characteristics of cold-rolled and annealed Ti50Ni40Cu10 shape memory alloy

Cold-rolled and annealed Ti50Ni40Cu10 shape memory alloy possesses a major (110)[001] texture along the rolling direction and a minor {111} γ-fiber texture along the normal direction. The damping capacity of the B2→B19 and B19→B2 martensitic transformation internal friction peaks for the Ti50Ni40Cu10 shape memory alloy was more pronounced in the rolling direction than in the transverse direction due to the effects of the cold-rolled and annealed textures. The damping capacity of the B19→B19’ and B19’→B19 martensitic transformation internal friction peaks was not noticeable affected by the orientation of the specimen

An Analysis of the Patent Linkage System and Development of the Biosimilar Industry in Taiwan

In 2019, as an effort to join the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Agreement (now Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)), Taiwan has implemented the patent linkage system which covers both small molecule generic drugs and large molecule biosimilar into the Pharmaceutical Affair Act. The system modeled after the U.S.’s patent linkage system designed for small molecule drugs under the Hatch Waxman Act (HWA). Based on the experience of the patent linkage system under the HWA, biosimilar industry representatives in Taiwan contended that the adoption of the patent linkage system will be detrimental to the development of local industry. By adopting patent linkage system, foreign biologics company would implement evergreening strategies to delay the marketing of locally produced biosimilar, conduct improper patent listing, and to abuse the granting of automatic stays. This article critically evaluates whether Taiwan’s patent linkage system could serve the dual goal of fostering biologic innovation and promoting biosimilar industry development by examining patent linkage systems for biosimialrs in the U.S, South Korea and Taiwan. This article argues that this dual goal could be achieved if the method of manufacturing patents could be included in patent listings and through a wider institutional collaboration between Taiwan Food and Drug Regulation Agency and Taiwan Intellectual Property Office